MONDAY, Jan. 11, 2016 (HealthDay News) — Women in their 40s should talk with their doctors and then decide whether they need regular mammograms to screen for breast cancer before the recommended age of 50, according to updated U.S. health guidelines released Monday.
The finalized guidelines, released by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and published simultaneously in the Annals of Internal Medicine, largely reiterate controversial recommendations that were first put into place in 2009.
These latest guidelines still recommend mammograms to screen for breast cancer every two years for women aged 50 to 74.
They also suggest that women in their 40s should make a decision whether or not to receive mammograms every two years after talking about their individual risk factors with their doctors.
“We want to be able to empower women with the science, so they can understand the potential benefits as well as the potential harms, and make the decision that’s right for them based on their own values, preferences and personal health history,” Dr. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, vice chair of the task force and a professor at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, said when a draft of the updated guidelines was released last April.
That clarification could mean that insurance companies will have to start picking up the check for screening women in their 40s, even though it’s not explicitly recommended, Dr. Richard Wender, chief cancer control officer for the American Cancer Society, said when the draft was released.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is an independent, volunteer panel of national experts who regularly review the scientific evidence and make recommendations regarding health screening procedures and preventive medicine.
The task force faced stiff criticism in 2009 when it first raised the recommended age for regular mammogram screenings to the age of 50. Women aged 40 to 49 were encouraged to talk with their doctor about the best time to start regular, every-other-year mammography.
In the updated recommendations, the task force is standing by its 2009 guideline, noting that while the evidence shows that some women in their 40s will benefit from mammography, most will not, and some will be harmed.
But those guidelines continue to draw critics.
“If followed, new U.S. Preventive Services Task Force breast cancer screening recommendations will result in thousands of unnecessary deaths each year and thousands more women enduring extensive and expensive treatment than if their cancer had been found early by an annual mammogram,” the American College of Radiology and the Society of Breast Imaging, said in a joint statement released Monday.
The organizations added that they “continue to recommend that women get yearly mammograms starting at age 40.”
Bibbins-Domingo has said the original 2009 guideline was “widely misinterpreted” as being against mammograms for all women in their 40s.
“The new recommendation is the same grade, a C grade, recommending in favor of screening for women in their 40s, but recognizing that on balance there are benefits that outweigh the harms, but only by a smaller amount,” she said. “So therefore, women should be aware of both benefits and harms so they can make the decision that’s right for them.”
Wender agreed that the age recommendations are essentially the same.
“What’s different is the messaging, but I wouldn’t underestimate the importance of the messaging,” he said. “The task force was really clear and careful to say the discussion about having a mammogram between a clinician and a woman should begin at 40. I hope and anticipate that will help clarify the misperception that the task force was against screening for women 40 to 49.”
The most common harm from an unnecessary mammogram is a false-positive test, indicating that there is cancer where none exists, Bibbins-Domingo said. Women who receive a false positive have to undergo additional tests and procedures, and also must endure some anxiety until cancer is ruled out.
The most serious harm, however, can occur if a mammogram reveals a type of breast cancer that would not have threatened a woman’s health during her lifetime, she added. Women who are “overdiagnosed” have to undergo surgery and cancer therapy that can significantly diminish their quality of life while adding no extra years to their life span.
Wender agreed that the evidence shows that mammography becomes more beneficial as a woman ages.
“Starting at around 35, the risk of breast cancer goes up year by year until you’re basically around 60,” he said. “So at some point after 40, the benefit of screening starts to become substantially greater than the downsides associated with screening.”
The benefits of mammography also increase with age. Regular screening can prevent about four breast cancer deaths per 10,000 women in their 40s, but eight per 10,000 for women in their 50s and 21 per 10,000 for women in their 60s, according to the task force report.
In the report, the task force also showed that the harms associated with mammography steadily decrease with age. For example, there are more than 1,200 false positives for every 10,000 women who undergo mammography in their 40s; by their 50s, the false-positive rate declines to over 900 per 10,000 women, and for women in their 60s, the rate goes even further down to just over 800 per 10,000.
The American Cancer Society updated its guidelines last October, to recommend that women could wait until the age of 45 to start receiving annual mammograms. Previously, the cancer society had recommended yearly mammograms starting at age 40.
The task force’s updated guidelines also say the expert panel was unable to make a recommendation for or against the value of 3-D mammography screening, because there is not enough evidence to show whether it will save more lives and improve women’s health.
The task force also couldn’t say, based on the evidence available, whether additional screening tools like ultrasound or MRI could help women with dense breasts screen for cancer. Dense breasts are difficult to screen with standard mammography, and women with dense breasts are at increased risk of breast cancer, Bibbins-Domingo said.
More information
For more on mammography, visit the U.S. National Cancer Institute.
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