TUESDAY, Aug. 12, 2014 (HealthDay News) — A panel of ethicists specially appointed by the World Health Organization says it is ethical to give untested treatments to people battling Ebola in the current outbreak.
“In the particular circumstances of this outbreak, and provided certain conditions are met, the panel reached consensus that it is ethical to offer unproven interventions with as yet unknown efficacy and adverse effects, as potential treatment or prevention,” WHO said in a statement issued Tuesday.
As the number of dead in the West African Ebola outbreak tops 1,000, many people have called for the wider production and release of untested medicines that might help patients.
A precious handful of samples of one such drug, called ZMapp, appeared to boost the recovery of two American aid workers stricken with the viral disease, which has a 90 percent fatality rate.
And on Monday, Spain announced that it had obtained the drug for Miguel Pajares, a Spanish priest who caught Ebola while in Liberia. But Pajares, 75, died from Ebola on Tuesday, the Associated Press reported.
According to the AP, two more samples of the experimental drug are on their way to West Africa to help treat two Liberian doctors stricken with Ebola and should arrive within the next 48 hours.
While agreeing that untested drugs could be ethically used in the ongoing outbreak, the WHO panel did not specify who should get priority to receive them. Instead, they said that “more detailed analysis and discussion” are required to determine how to fairly distribute the limited supply of the drugs.
ZMapp had proven effective in monkeys at fighting Ebola, but it had never been tested in humans.
Responding to demands for wider access to ZMapp and other drugs in the pipeline, WHO convened the expert panel of medical ethicists to decide the issue.
“We have a disease with a high fatality rate without any proven treatment or vaccine,” Marie-Paule Kieny, WHO assistant director-general, explained last week in a statement. “We need to ask the medical ethicists to give us guidance on what the responsible thing to do is.”
On the surface, the choice seems obvious: Why wouldn’t officials use every tool in their arsenal to combat what WHO now labels a “public health emergency”?
But ethicists say there’s a hornet’s nest of questions involved in making these largely untested drugs available to sick people.
Who would be first in line to get short-in-supply medications? Who will make that decision? How will doctors collect data on how the drugs perform? How do you communicate the risks of an experimental drug to a poorly educated inhabitant of a rural village? And would the money for these drugs be better spent on quarantine supplies and public education, to help prevent disease transmission?
“Some people look at the word ‘expedited’ as very favorable,” said Dr. Samuel Packer, chair of the ethics committee at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, N.Y. “Who wouldn’t want something expedited? It can be very hard to say that’s not a good thing to do. But history says a lot of time when we rush things through, people are harmed.”
ZMapp is an antibody cocktail made by a small San Diego-based biotech firm. The two U.S. aid workers who received it, Dr. Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol, have been evacuated to the United States and appear to be recovering, according to media reports.
In the meantime, desperation has opened the floodgates. Other drug manufacturers have also come forward to urge the use of their own untested Ebola medications.
Waiving the usual requirements of waiting for the results of rigorous clinical trials may seem appealing — particularly since Brantly and Writebol appear to have benefited from the therapy. But have they really? And the drug was not enough to save Pajares.
“The problem is you have no idea whether the medication worked or didn’t work,” said Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, chair of the department of medical ethics and health policy at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine. “You can’t know after treating only two people, with a disease like this.”
There’s also the sticky question of choosing who of the thousands infected will get the drug. According to medical ethicist Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby, that bridge has already been crossed, in part, with the decision to give the few existing samples of ZMapp to Brantly and Writebol, rather than to any of the nearly 1,800 West Africans who have been infected by Ebola.
“One hopes that it was on the basis of sound moral reasoning and not just biased affinity for Americans by Americans,” said Blumenthal-Barby, who is assistant professor with the Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.
“Who is going to be the body of people choosing the patients?” Packer added. “I worry about the representation of the four countries involved, for example. Are they going to be fairly represented?”
He is also concerned about how health care workers in the field in West Africa will help desperate patients understand the potential risks of an untested drug.
The outbreak has particularly affected rural parts of Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria, and many people in these areas may be unsophisticated in their knowledge of modern medicine.
“You really worry how people in a vulnerable population will understand the risks,” he said. “Do you think you can give informed consent, or are you likely to be coercive? How would I explain the risk of a brand-new drug to an African patient?”
Finally, Packer wonders whether spending millions to rush the manufacture of untested drugs is the best use of strained resources.
The same money could be used to improve still-ragged quarantine efforts in West Africa, he said. Officials could buy gloves, masks, biohazard suits and other quarantine supplies, and even pay to help educate more people there on proper quarantine procedures.
“There’s no glamor in it, but you talk to any person who knows this kind of stuff, and clearly [improvements in] public health has done more good than any drug ever developed,” Packer said.
More information
For more on Ebola, head to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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